I had previously posted this in three parts, but recently decided to consolidate it into one post and add some more words to it, as well as alphabetize the list by the first entry. I did that because I was having a hard time figuring out whether I had already included words, so alphabetizing them and having them in one list will make it easier to determine whether I have already considered any given words. From now on I will just add words to this post when I have identified more easily confused words.
When you are learning Polish, there are a whole lot of words that can be easily confused with each other. For an English speaker, this is compounded because all the words are tongue twisters anyway. You have no idea how many times I repeated the words "coś zjeść" (something to eat) over and over again before I could finally say them somewhat reliably.
Plus, when you learn new words that are similar to other words you knew, it can suddenly create a minefield of confusion.
Here are some words that I have gotten mixed up about at one time or another:
bezbronny – defenseless, unprotected
nieuchronny – inevitable
chwała – glory
chwila – moment, while
czeluść – abyss, depths
czułość – sensitivity, tenderness, sentimentality
cześć – reverence, worship (also used as "hello" or "goodbye" informally)
część – portion, part, section, piece
sześć – six
dokonany – accomplished, executed
pokonany – defeated
dowód – evidence, proof
powód – reason, cause, ground, motive
flet – flute
flota – fleet
gałka -- knob, ball (like an eyeball), scoop (as in ice cream)
pałka -- club (cudgel)
grzywka – fringe (hair)
grzywna – fine
grzywa – mane
kaczka – duck
paczka – package
taczka – wheelbarrow
teczka – briefcase, folder
komar – mosquito, gnat
konar – bough, branch
koparka – excavator
kopiarka – photocopier
kosa – scythe
koza – goat
kotlina – basin, hollow
kotwica – anchor
lawina – avalanche
macica – womb
leżak – deckchair
lizak – lollipop
lina – rope, cable, line
linia – line, route
łaska – favor, grace, mercy, generosity
łuska – (fish) scale, husk, (ammunition) shell
mąka – flour (I picture myself going into a sklep spożywczy [grocery store] and asking for a kilo of wheat torture, please)
męka – torture, torment
nadludzki – superhuman
przeludnienie – overpopulation
nadmiernie – excessively
niezmiernie – extremely, immensely, very
nawias – bracket, parenthesis
zawias – hinge
niezniszczalny – indestructible
znieczulenie – anesthesia
oparty – based, grounded, founded
uparty – stubborn, obstinate
opór – opposition, resistance
upór – obstinacy, stubbornness, determination
odprawa – briefing, clearance, gratuity, rebuff
oprawa – frame, rim, cover, binding (book)
pochodzenie – origin, descent
pogodzenie – reconciliation, resignation
początkowy – initial, preliminary, elementary
porządkowy – serial, ordinal
podeszwa – sole
poszewka – pillowcase
pokrywka – lid, cover
pokrzywa – stinging nettle
poprawienie – improvement, correction, revision
uprawnienie – entitlement, right, authorization
poszewka – pillowcase
soczewka – lens
potwierdzenie – confirmation, corroboration
stwierdzenie – statement, assertion
poważanie – respect, esteem, deference
poważnie – seriously, gravely, with dignity
powtórnie – once again, one more time
powtórzenie – repetition
pozbawiony – deprived
rozbawiony – amused
pozór – pretense, appearance
pożar – blaze, conflagration
przyczyna – cause, reason
przyzwoity – decent, proper
przygoda – adventure
przyroda – nature
ręcznik – towel
rzecznik – spokesman
rzeźnik - butcher
szczepionka – vaccine
szczypiorek – chive
skazany – condemned, doomed
wskazany – advisable
spinacz – paper clip
szpinak – spinach
wspinacz – climber
sporny – controversial, debatable
spójny – coherent
stały – solid, constant, permanent, direct (current)
trwały – permanent, durable, enduring, lasting (probably both these words mean pretty much the same thing except for maybe the “direct current” [prąd stały] connotation; I've seen both “stały związek” and “trwały związek” for “steady relationship”)
ścierka – dishcloth
ścieżka – path
świt – dawn, daybreak
świta – suite, retinue, entourage
trujący – poisonous, toxic
trwający – lasting
uderzenie – blow, stroke, hit
zdarzenie – event, occurrence
zderzenie – collision, crash
uległy – submissive, docile, compliant
upadły – bankrupt, fallen
ułożony – arranged, well-mannered
złożony – complex, composite, compound
uwieńczony – crowned, adorned with wreaths
uwięziony – trapped, stuck, imprisoned
wadliwy – defective, faulty
wątpliwy – questionable, doubtful
wezwanie – call, summons
wyznanie – confession, admission, religion
wyzwanie – challenge
zerwanie – rupture
zeznanie – testimony
władanie – reign, possession
włamanie – burglary
właśnie – just, exactly
własny – (someone's) own
wpływ – influence, impact
wstyd – shame, disgrace
wygląd – appearance, looks
wzgląd – regard, consideration, respect
wykaz – list, statement
wyraz – expression, word
zabarwienie – tinge, tint
zbawienie – rescue, deliverance, salvation, redemption
zabieg – procedure, treatment, operation
zasięg – range, reach
zbocze – slope
zboże – corn, cereal, grain
Other potentially confusing items:
Phrases with "północ" can be confusing because the word can either mean "north" or "midnight":
na północy – in the north
na północ – to the north
z północy – from the north
o północy – at midnight
"Południe" can mean either "south" or "noon" as well:
na południe – to the south
na południu – in the south
z południa – from the south
po południu – in the afternoon
w południe – at midday
There are also a whole bunch of words that have to do with thinking and/or mental processes that either contain "-myśl" or "-mysł" (where the accented mark switches between the "s" and the "l". There are just so many that it makes my head swim.
Also I have mixed up a lot of words that start with "przy"- and "prze-".
I'd be interested in hearing what words you have gotten mixed up with other words in any languages you were studying.
Showing posts with label polish_adverbs. Show all posts
Showing posts with label polish_adverbs. Show all posts
Wednesday, December 4, 2013
Monday, July 1, 2013
Przeciw: Opposition
I bet y'all have been waiting with bated breath for my next post (probably not, but ya never know), seeing as how I haven't put anything new on here in a while. I've been kinda busy showing up for the craziness lately at the Texas Capitol. Maybe that has nothing to do with learning Polish, and shouldn't be in a Polish learning blog. Au contraire; I beg to differ. I studied Polish on several occasions while I was there, even while I was chanting along with the crowd. And, besides, it's my blog, so I can write what I want. Ha ha.
But I digress, let's get back to the topic at hand. I want to talk about "przeciw," which, in general, has to do with stuff that is opposite, contrary to, or against something. A fitting topic to talk about in relation to thousands of screaming protestors who shut this mother down. Yippie-ki-yay.
"Przeciw" or "przeciwko" means "against." It is a preposition, and takes the dative case. It also forms a prefix for a ton of compound words in Polish. I'm not going to go into all the words that are involved here, because there are a whole lot of them. Just turn to your friendly neighborhood Polish dictionary for further guidance on this subject. But I will talk about a few of the derivative words that are used most frequently.
"Przeciwny" means "opposite" or "contrary." "Przeciwnie" is an adverb that means "on/to the contrary." And "przeciwieństwo" is a noun that means "opposition" or "contrast." "Przeciwnik" refers to an "adversary" or "opponent" (another noun).
"Sprzeciw" is a noun that means "opposition" or "objection." "Naprzeciw" is a preposition meaning "opposite" or "across from." It takes the genitive.
"Sprzeciwiać/sprzeciwić się" means "to oppose, to stand against."
Some examples of how to stand tough against those who keep us in shackles:
powstawać przeciw - to rise against
protestować przeciw - to protest against
walczyć przeciwko - to fight against
głosować przeciwko - to vote against
w przeciwieństwie do - in contrast to
przeciwdziałać - to work against, to counteract
But I digress, let's get back to the topic at hand. I want to talk about "przeciw," which, in general, has to do with stuff that is opposite, contrary to, or against something. A fitting topic to talk about in relation to thousands of screaming protestors who shut this mother down. Yippie-ki-yay.
"Przeciw" or "przeciwko" means "against." It is a preposition, and takes the dative case. It also forms a prefix for a ton of compound words in Polish. I'm not going to go into all the words that are involved here, because there are a whole lot of them. Just turn to your friendly neighborhood Polish dictionary for further guidance on this subject. But I will talk about a few of the derivative words that are used most frequently.
"Przeciwny" means "opposite" or "contrary." "Przeciwnie" is an adverb that means "on/to the contrary." And "przeciwieństwo" is a noun that means "opposition" or "contrast." "Przeciwnik" refers to an "adversary" or "opponent" (another noun).
"Sprzeciw" is a noun that means "opposition" or "objection." "Naprzeciw" is a preposition meaning "opposite" or "across from." It takes the genitive.
"Sprzeciwiać/sprzeciwić się" means "to oppose, to stand against."
Some examples of how to stand tough against those who keep us in shackles:
powstawać przeciw - to rise against
protestować przeciw - to protest against
walczyć przeciwko - to fight against
głosować przeciwko - to vote against
w przeciwieństwie do - in contrast to
przeciwdziałać - to work against, to counteract
Tuesday, June 11, 2013
Seize The Moment: Chwytać
"-chwyt" has to do with "grasping" or "seizing."
chwytać, chwycić - to snatch, to seize, to grab
Examples:
chwytać okazję - to seize the opportunity
chwytać powietrzę - catch (one's) breath
w mig chwytać o co chodzi - to be quick on the draw
Some derivative words:
chwyt - grip, grasp (noun)
chwytacz - safety catch, arrester (noun)
chwytliwy - catching; quick, agile (adejective)
Examples:
chwyt wiertła - drill shank
chwyt pistoletu - pistol grip
podchwytywać, podchwycić - to pick up, to take up; to join
Examples:
podchwytywać śpiew - to join in the singing
podchwytywać rozmowę - to join in the conversation
Some derivative words:
podchwyt - snatch, grab (noun)
podchwytliwy - trick (often used with "podchwytliwe pytanie" [trick question]) (adjective)
przechwytywać, przechwycić - to intercept, to grab, to seize
schwytać, schwycić - to apprehend, to capture
uchwycić - to grasp, to seize, to capture
Some derivative words:
uchwyt - handle, grip (noun)
uchwytny - noticeable, perceptible (adjective)
Examples:
W razie niebezpieczeństwa, mocno pociągnąć za uchwyt - In case of emergency, pull the handle firmly
ledwie uchwytny - barely noticeable
zachwycać się, zachwycić się - to be delighted, to be enchanted
Some derivative words:
zachwyt - delight, fascination, enchantment (noun)
zachwycający - delightful (noun)
zachwycenie - rapture (noun)
zachwycony - enchanted, delighted (adjective)
zachwycająco - delightfully, admirably (adverb)
chwytać, chwycić - to snatch, to seize, to grab
Examples:
chwytać okazję - to seize the opportunity
chwytać powietrzę - catch (one's) breath
w mig chwytać o co chodzi - to be quick on the draw
Some derivative words:
chwyt - grip, grasp (noun)
chwytacz - safety catch, arrester (noun)
chwytliwy - catching; quick, agile (adejective)
Examples:
chwyt wiertła - drill shank
chwyt pistoletu - pistol grip
podchwytywać, podchwycić - to pick up, to take up; to join
Examples:
podchwytywać śpiew - to join in the singing
podchwytywać rozmowę - to join in the conversation
Some derivative words:
podchwyt - snatch, grab (noun)
podchwytliwy - trick (often used with "podchwytliwe pytanie" [trick question]) (adjective)
przechwytywać, przechwycić - to intercept, to grab, to seize
schwytać, schwycić - to apprehend, to capture
uchwycić - to grasp, to seize, to capture
Some derivative words:
uchwyt - handle, grip (noun)
uchwytny - noticeable, perceptible (adjective)
Examples:
W razie niebezpieczeństwa, mocno pociągnąć za uchwyt - In case of emergency, pull the handle firmly
ledwie uchwytny - barely noticeable
zachwycać się, zachwycić się - to be delighted, to be enchanted
Some derivative words:
zachwyt - delight, fascination, enchantment (noun)
zachwycający - delightful (noun)
zachwycenie - rapture (noun)
zachwycony - enchanted, delighted (adjective)
zachwycająco - delightfully, admirably (adverb)
Sunday, June 9, 2013
Join The Club: Łączyć
"-łącz" has to do with "joining" or "switching." The main verb is "łączyć, połączyć" though the most common verbs used with this root probably have the "w-" and "wy-" prefixes and relate to turning things on or off.
łączyć, połączyć - to join, to merge, to unite
Examples:
łączyć siły - to join forces
łączyć przyjemne z pożytecznym - to mix business with pleasure
The reflexive form is:
łączyć się, połączyć się - to be joined, to be united, to merge, to come together; to connect (e.g. - phone)
Some derivative words:
łącze - link, connection (noun)
łączenie - connection; junction; liaison (noun)
łącznik - liaison; hyphen; connector; tie (music) (noun)
łączliwość - connectivity (noun)
łącznica - switchboard (noun)
łączność - contact, unity (noun)
łączny - connective; total (adjective)
łączący - subjunctive (grammar); connecting, joining (adj)
łącznie - including, inclusively, cumulatively (adverb)
Examples:
kwota łączna - total amount
tkanka łączna - connective tissue
tryb łączący - subjunctive mood (grammar)
łącznie ze mną - including me
doprowadzać łącze internetowe - to provide internet access
dołączać, dołączyć - to join, to link; to enclose, to append, to attach
Examples:
dołączyć do grupy... - join the ranks of...
dołączać do szeregu - fall in (military)
The reflexive form is:
dołączać się, dołączyć się - to join (in)
odłączać, odłączyć - to disconnect, to detach, to disassociate
podłączać, podłączyć - to connect / -am -asz, -czę -czysz
połączyć - to connect, to link
połączenie - connection, link; combination (noun)
Examples:
połączenie autobusowe - bus connection
połączenie kolejowe - train connection
połączenie lotnicze - airplane connection
połączenie telefoniczne - telephone connection
przełączać, przełączyć - to switch over
przełączać na inny kanał - to switch over to another channel
przełącznik - switch (noun)
przyłączać, przyłączyć - to attach; to connect
przyłączać do (+ genitive) - to attach to...
rozłączać, rozłączyć - to uncouple, to separate, to sever
włączać, włączyć - to include; to turn on
Examples:
włączyć sprzęgło - to apply the clutch
włączyć radio - to turn on the radio
włączyć zasilanie - to turn the power on
włącz światło - turn on the light (imperative)
Some derivative words:
włączony - on, in operation (adjective)
włącznie / inclusive (of), including (adverb)
Examples:
telewizor nie jest włączony - the TV is not on
zostawić włączone światło - leave the light on
włącznie z psem - including the dog
z podatkiem włącznie - including tax
wyłączać, wyłączyć / to exclude; to switch off, to turn off
Examples:
wyłączyć sprzęgło - to disengage the clutch
komputer się wyłącza - the computer turns itself off
nie wyłączając nikogo - excluding nobody
Some derivative words:
wyłącznie - exclusively, solely (adverb)
wyłącznik - switch (electric) / Gsg: -a (noun)
wyłączony - excluded; off (adjective)
wyłączność - exclusive right (noun)
załączać, załączyć - to enclose, to connect, to attach
załącznik, załączenie - (email) attachment, enclosure (noun)
złączyć - to fuse, to link, to unite
Some derivative words:
złącze - joint, connection; bond (noun)
złączka - junction, connector (noun)
Examples:
złącze kulkowe - ball joint
złączka rurowa - pipe junction
łączyć, połączyć - to join, to merge, to unite
Examples:
łączyć siły - to join forces
łączyć przyjemne z pożytecznym - to mix business with pleasure
The reflexive form is:
łączyć się, połączyć się - to be joined, to be united, to merge, to come together; to connect (e.g. - phone)
Some derivative words:
łącze - link, connection (noun)
łączenie - connection; junction; liaison (noun)
łącznik - liaison; hyphen; connector; tie (music) (noun)
łączliwość - connectivity (noun)
łącznica - switchboard (noun)
łączność - contact, unity (noun)
łączny - connective; total (adjective)
łączący - subjunctive (grammar); connecting, joining (adj)
łącznie - including, inclusively, cumulatively (adverb)
Examples:
kwota łączna - total amount
tkanka łączna - connective tissue
tryb łączący - subjunctive mood (grammar)
łącznie ze mną - including me
doprowadzać łącze internetowe - to provide internet access
dołączać, dołączyć - to join, to link; to enclose, to append, to attach
Examples:
dołączyć do grupy... - join the ranks of...
dołączać do szeregu - fall in (military)
The reflexive form is:
dołączać się, dołączyć się - to join (in)
odłączać, odłączyć - to disconnect, to detach, to disassociate
podłączać, podłączyć - to connect / -am -asz, -czę -czysz
połączyć - to connect, to link
połączenie - connection, link; combination (noun)
Examples:
połączenie autobusowe - bus connection
połączenie kolejowe - train connection
połączenie lotnicze - airplane connection
połączenie telefoniczne - telephone connection
przełączać, przełączyć - to switch over
przełączać na inny kanał - to switch over to another channel
przełącznik - switch (noun)
przyłączać, przyłączyć - to attach; to connect
przyłączać do (+ genitive) - to attach to...
rozłączać, rozłączyć - to uncouple, to separate, to sever
włączać, włączyć - to include; to turn on
Examples:
włączyć sprzęgło - to apply the clutch
włączyć radio - to turn on the radio
włączyć zasilanie - to turn the power on
włącz światło - turn on the light (imperative)
Some derivative words:
włączony - on, in operation (adjective)
włącznie / inclusive (of), including (adverb)
Examples:
telewizor nie jest włączony - the TV is not on
zostawić włączone światło - leave the light on
włącznie z psem - including the dog
z podatkiem włącznie - including tax
wyłączać, wyłączyć / to exclude; to switch off, to turn off
Examples:
wyłączyć sprzęgło - to disengage the clutch
komputer się wyłącza - the computer turns itself off
nie wyłączając nikogo - excluding nobody
Some derivative words:
wyłącznie - exclusively, solely (adverb)
wyłącznik - switch (electric) / Gsg: -a (noun)
wyłączony - excluded; off (adjective)
wyłączność - exclusive right (noun)
załączać, załączyć - to enclose, to connect, to attach
załącznik, załączenie - (email) attachment, enclosure (noun)
złączyć - to fuse, to link, to unite
Some derivative words:
złącze - joint, connection; bond (noun)
złączka - junction, connector (noun)
Examples:
złącze kulkowe - ball joint
złączka rurowa - pipe junction
Thursday, June 6, 2013
Phrasal Reinforcement
I have found that once one experiences an initial exposure to a word, that word's meaning is often reinforced with its use in a two- or three-word (or sometimes longer) phrase containing the word. This is also one reason why I try to give examples with some of these reinforcing phrases in my blog posts. These phrases are the bread and butter of language and assist in demonstrating how words fit together to provide meaning as well as show the various cases in Polish that are used in different situations (though some phrases will undoubtedly modify their case when used in a different sentence placement).
I'll provide some examples of reinforcing phrases so you can see how they reinforce word meanings and so you can improve your learning of Polish words.
Probably some of the most common reinforcing phrases are noun phrases (I call these "noun phrases" because they are clauses where the unit functions as a noun) consisting of an adjective and a noun, or a noun with a prepositional clause functioning as an adjective phrase.
For example: once you know that "koszt" means "cost" and "utrzymanie" means "maintenance" or "livelihood", then both of these words are reinforced by the noun phrase "koszty utrzymania" or
"cost of living."
bujna wyobraźnia - vivid imagination
szkoda słów - waste of breath
wzięty lekarz - popular (in demand) doctor
język nowożytny - modern language
płatek ucha - earlobe
odruch ssania - sucking reflex
szafka na buty - shoe cabinet
lęk wysokości - fear of heights
pracownik umysłowy - while-collar worker
członek załogi - crew member
produkcja prądu - energy production
przywódca opozycji - opposition leader
dostawy wojenne - war provisions
skrajna nędza - dire poverty
There are also many other useful reinforcing phrases.
Verb phrases (the unit functions as a verb) frequently consist of a verb and a direct or indirect object:
odebrać telefon - to pick up the phone
przegrać z kimś - to lose against somebody
podpisać kontrakt - to sign a contract
pójść na marne - to go to waste
zmarnować okazję - to miss an opportunity
robić pomiary - to take measurements, to survey
umierać na raka - to die of cancer
spoglądać po sobie - to glance at each other
wziąć zamach - to take a swing
Adjectival phrases (the unit functions as an adjective) usually consist of an adverb or adjective modifying an adjective:
śmiertelnie znudzony - bored to death
politycznie poprawny - politically correct
Adverbial phrases (the unit functions as an adverb) can have varied constructions, but often are adjective/adverb or adverb/adverb:
mimo że, mimo iż - even though, despite the fact that
Prepositional clauses (the unit often functions as an adjective or adverb, or as an interrogative or declarative phrase) consisting of preposition/noun or preposition/adjective/noun are fairly common, and are also useful for reinforcement:
od miesiąca - for a month
ze strachu - out of fear
na wypadek - in case of
ponad cztery godziny - more than four hours
po drodze, w drodze - on the way
w jakim sensie? - in what sense?
w poprzednich latach - in previous years
na bezludnej wyspie - on a deserted island
bez trudu - effortlessly
od tej pory - from that time
z niewiadomych przyczyn - for no obvious reason
Short, complete sentences are also illustrative of interplay between word meanings. Often these consist of subject and verb (possibly also with an object), but can have a number of variations:
oszukał mnie - he deceived me
to wystarczy - that will do
w czym kłopot? - what's the problem?
Idiomatic clauses or sentences are usually best considered as a single, self-contained unit of meaning. They are good for learning poetic or metaphoric constructs of the language, whereby the meaning of the words on their face can be spun into literary fabric to reach the enhanced meaning of the phrase as a whole:
kiedy bądź - any time
poza tym - besides, otherwise
co ty na to - what do you think/say
nie ma sprawy - no problem
nie waż się - don't you dare
w sumie - all in all, altogether
mijać się z prawdą - to be untruthful
nie kojarzę - I don't get it (I don't associate)
puszczać coś mimo uszu - to let something pass (literal translation: to let go of something without ears)
każdy orze, jak może - you do what you can (literal translation: each [person] plows as he/she may)
gdzie Rzym, a gdzie Krym? - what does that have to do with anything? (literal: where is Rome? and where is Crimea?)
z deszczu pod rynnę - out of the frying pan and into the fire (literal: from the rain under the gutter)
co ty na to, żeby wilk był syty i owca cała? - what would you say if you could have your cake and eat it too? (literal: what do you say if the wolf is full and the sheep whole?)
I'll provide some examples of reinforcing phrases so you can see how they reinforce word meanings and so you can improve your learning of Polish words.
Probably some of the most common reinforcing phrases are noun phrases (I call these "noun phrases" because they are clauses where the unit functions as a noun) consisting of an adjective and a noun, or a noun with a prepositional clause functioning as an adjective phrase.
For example: once you know that "koszt" means "cost" and "utrzymanie" means "maintenance" or "livelihood", then both of these words are reinforced by the noun phrase "koszty utrzymania" or
"cost of living."
bujna wyobraźnia - vivid imagination
szkoda słów - waste of breath
wzięty lekarz - popular (in demand) doctor
język nowożytny - modern language
płatek ucha - earlobe
odruch ssania - sucking reflex
szafka na buty - shoe cabinet
lęk wysokości - fear of heights
pracownik umysłowy - while-collar worker
członek załogi - crew member
produkcja prądu - energy production
przywódca opozycji - opposition leader
dostawy wojenne - war provisions
skrajna nędza - dire poverty
There are also many other useful reinforcing phrases.
Verb phrases (the unit functions as a verb) frequently consist of a verb and a direct or indirect object:
odebrać telefon - to pick up the phone
przegrać z kimś - to lose against somebody
podpisać kontrakt - to sign a contract
pójść na marne - to go to waste
zmarnować okazję - to miss an opportunity
robić pomiary - to take measurements, to survey
umierać na raka - to die of cancer
spoglądać po sobie - to glance at each other
wziąć zamach - to take a swing
Adjectival phrases (the unit functions as an adjective) usually consist of an adverb or adjective modifying an adjective:
śmiertelnie znudzony - bored to death
politycznie poprawny - politically correct
Adverbial phrases (the unit functions as an adverb) can have varied constructions, but often are adjective/adverb or adverb/adverb:
mimo że, mimo iż - even though, despite the fact that
Prepositional clauses (the unit often functions as an adjective or adverb, or as an interrogative or declarative phrase) consisting of preposition/noun or preposition/adjective/noun are fairly common, and are also useful for reinforcement:
od miesiąca - for a month
ze strachu - out of fear
na wypadek - in case of
ponad cztery godziny - more than four hours
po drodze, w drodze - on the way
w jakim sensie? - in what sense?
w poprzednich latach - in previous years
na bezludnej wyspie - on a deserted island
bez trudu - effortlessly
od tej pory - from that time
z niewiadomych przyczyn - for no obvious reason
Short, complete sentences are also illustrative of interplay between word meanings. Often these consist of subject and verb (possibly also with an object), but can have a number of variations:
oszukał mnie - he deceived me
to wystarczy - that will do
w czym kłopot? - what's the problem?
Idiomatic clauses or sentences are usually best considered as a single, self-contained unit of meaning. They are good for learning poetic or metaphoric constructs of the language, whereby the meaning of the words on their face can be spun into literary fabric to reach the enhanced meaning of the phrase as a whole:
kiedy bądź - any time
poza tym - besides, otherwise
co ty na to - what do you think/say
nie ma sprawy - no problem
nie waż się - don't you dare
w sumie - all in all, altogether
mijać się z prawdą - to be untruthful
nie kojarzę - I don't get it (I don't associate)
puszczać coś mimo uszu - to let something pass (literal translation: to let go of something without ears)
każdy orze, jak może - you do what you can (literal translation: each [person] plows as he/she may)
gdzie Rzym, a gdzie Krym? - what does that have to do with anything? (literal: where is Rome? and where is Crimea?)
z deszczu pod rynnę - out of the frying pan and into the fire (literal: from the rain under the gutter)
co ty na to, żeby wilk był syty i owca cała? - what would you say if you could have your cake and eat it too? (literal: what do you say if the wolf is full and the sheep whole?)
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
Music, Mood and Backgrounds: Strój
"Strój" as a root seems kind of synesthetic. It dances back and forth between different ambient sensory domains.
"Strój" in itself, as a noun, means "dress, attire" or, in the musical sense "tune" or "key." It is also the second person singular imperative form of verb "stroić," which means "to dress up" or "to tune."
Examples:
strój ludowy - national costume
strój kąpielowy - swimsuit
strój plażowy - beach clothes
strój sportowy - athletic wear
strój wieczorowy - evening wear
strój wizitowy - formal wear
strój żałobny - funeral clothes
Other derivative words:
strojnie - smartly, stylishly (as in "smartly dressed" - "strojnie ubrany")
strojnisia - fashion victim, stylish dresser
strojniś - clotheshorse
strojny - dressy, chic
strojowy - tuning (as in "widełki strojowe" - "tuning fork")
"Nastrój" means "mood, state of mind" or "atmosphere, ambiance" but the verb "nastrajać/nastroić" means "to tune" as in tuning an instrument, tuning a radio, etc. It also can mean "to adjust." "Nastrój" is also an imperative form (second person singular) of this verb. So here the implication is that your mind is "tuned" in a certain way? I wonder if there is some sort of color implied to complete the synesthesia here? I find interesting the interplay in the Polish language between music and mood. But "-strój" as a root seems to imply some kind of background that sets the scene for the particular environment, as you can see in these other words:
Examples:
uroczysty nastrój - solemn mood
w dobrym nastroju - in a good mood
w złym nastroju - in a bad mood
Other derivative words:
nastrojowy - romantic
nastrojowość - romantic atmosphere
"Ustrój" means "system." The verb "ustrajać/ustroic" means "decorate, adorn." So I suppose the imperative form "ustrój" implies that your ideological framework is somehow "adorned" with a practical application?
Examples:
ustrój polityczny - political system
ustrój biologiczny - biological system
Other derivative words:
ustrojowy - systemic (the adjective form of "ustrój)
ustrojstwo - contraption, gadget
"Wystrój" means "decoration" or "décor." It is also an imperative form (second person singular) of the verb "wystroić," which means "to get dressed up/spiffed up." "Wystrojony" is an adjective meaning "dressed up."
"Strój" in itself, as a noun, means "dress, attire" or, in the musical sense "tune" or "key." It is also the second person singular imperative form of verb "stroić," which means "to dress up" or "to tune."
Examples:
strój ludowy - national costume
strój kąpielowy - swimsuit
strój plażowy - beach clothes
strój sportowy - athletic wear
strój wieczorowy - evening wear
strój wizitowy - formal wear
strój żałobny - funeral clothes
Other derivative words:
strojnie - smartly, stylishly (as in "smartly dressed" - "strojnie ubrany")
strojnisia - fashion victim, stylish dresser
strojniś - clotheshorse
strojny - dressy, chic
strojowy - tuning (as in "widełki strojowe" - "tuning fork")
"Nastrój" means "mood, state of mind" or "atmosphere, ambiance" but the verb "nastrajać/nastroić" means "to tune" as in tuning an instrument, tuning a radio, etc. It also can mean "to adjust." "Nastrój" is also an imperative form (second person singular) of this verb. So here the implication is that your mind is "tuned" in a certain way? I wonder if there is some sort of color implied to complete the synesthesia here? I find interesting the interplay in the Polish language between music and mood. But "-strój" as a root seems to imply some kind of background that sets the scene for the particular environment, as you can see in these other words:
Examples:
uroczysty nastrój - solemn mood
w dobrym nastroju - in a good mood
w złym nastroju - in a bad mood
Other derivative words:
nastrojowy - romantic
nastrojowość - romantic atmosphere
"Ustrój" means "system." The verb "ustrajać/ustroic" means "decorate, adorn." So I suppose the imperative form "ustrój" implies that your ideological framework is somehow "adorned" with a practical application?
Examples:
ustrój polityczny - political system
ustrój biologiczny - biological system
Other derivative words:
ustrojowy - systemic (the adjective form of "ustrój)
ustrojstwo - contraption, gadget
"Wystrój" means "decoration" or "décor." It is also an imperative form (second person singular) of the verb "wystroić," which means "to get dressed up/spiffed up." "Wystrojony" is an adjective meaning "dressed up."
Wednesday, May 8, 2013
Today's Study Card--May 8, 2013
Most days I make myself a "study card." Sometimes I make more than one. Sometimes I do a separate one for verbs because verbs seem to be about ten times harder than other words for me to learn. I'll write the study words for the day on the card, fold the card in half, and use it as a flash card, trying to guess the English translations of the Polish words first, then trying to guess the Polish translations of the English words, while covering up the words below with my fingers (or the words above if I am going up). I might go randomly instead of in order, but my goal is to learn the words the best I can.
So this is today's study card, or at least the first one of the day. Usually these are the words I am having the hardest time with from my Anki study deck. For some reason, these all seem to be adjectives and adverbs today. That's not always the case; they can be any part of speech. Nouns seem to be the easiest to learn, as a general rule. Maybe that's because an object can be pictured. But even abstract nouns are easier than verbs. Verbs seem to be the hardest. Usually I will make separate cards for just verbs.
I always "learn" the words and then find that a month later I will have forgotten some of them. So that's where spaced repetition comes in, to put them at the proper spacing. All of these words are words that I supposedly "learned" previously. But I suspect the problem is not one of memory storage, it is one of memory retrieval, because often the stuff I am searching for will just suddenly pop into my head.
Then at some point I try to collect the cards from the past week or two, go over them again, and pick out the hardest words that I am still having trouble with and put them on new cards.
Sunday, April 28, 2013
Where You Be At? (Part 2)
"Gdzie" means "where." But it only means "where" in relation to where something is at a given time, without any consideration of where it has been or where it is going. There are different words for "where" depending on where the action is moving.
"Dokąd" means "to where?" And "skąd" means "from where?" You would use these if the "where" is moving. Some of the uses are much too nuanced for me to discuss here, but I would suggest a good grammar book if you are interested in checking out this topic further. And I'm told that many Poles mix them up in actual usage in colloquial or vernacular speech, so you may not get a sense of how to use them correctly from listening to ordinary conversation.
But there are other words that denote position (in space or time) in connection with some motion:
stąd - from here (also "hence")
dotąd - to here (also "this/that far, so far, until now, that high")
stamtąd - from there
odtąd - since then
odkąd - since when, ever since
dokądś - to somewhere
donikąd - to nowhere
znikąd - from nowhere
skądinąd - from somewhere else
Examples:
stąd dotąd - from here (one place) to here (another place)
precz stąd! - Get out of here!
nie pochodzę stąd - I'm not from here/I'm a stranger.
daleko stąd - far from here
jak dotąd - as of yet
ależ skąd - not at all, nothing of the sort
"Dokąd" means "to where?" And "skąd" means "from where?" You would use these if the "where" is moving. Some of the uses are much too nuanced for me to discuss here, but I would suggest a good grammar book if you are interested in checking out this topic further. And I'm told that many Poles mix them up in actual usage in colloquial or vernacular speech, so you may not get a sense of how to use them correctly from listening to ordinary conversation.
But there are other words that denote position (in space or time) in connection with some motion:
stąd - from here (also "hence")
dotąd - to here (also "this/that far, so far, until now, that high")
stamtąd - from there
odtąd - since then
odkąd - since when, ever since
dokądś - to somewhere
donikąd - to nowhere
znikąd - from nowhere
skądinąd - from somewhere else
Examples:
stąd dotąd - from here (one place) to here (another place)
precz stąd! - Get out of here!
nie pochodzę stąd - I'm not from here/I'm a stranger.
daleko stąd - far from here
jak dotąd - as of yet
ależ skąd - not at all, nothing of the sort
Saturday, April 27, 2013
Where You Be At?
The title, of course, will be relevant to this blog post in two ways. The first thing I want to do is talk about how there is a preconception out there that children learn languages easier than adults. There doesn't necessarily seem to be a lot of evidence for this, and studies seem to show that adults can learn languages more rapidly and in a more comprehensive fashion than children. But the myth persists. Maybe because as an adult, you really have to rewire your brain and think in a different way, and that seems really hard. I can relate to that. Learning a new language is not an easy task, and it takes persistence. It is easy to become discouraged if you are not focused. But if you just plug away at it, as an adult you will definitely see better results the more you use your new language. And I've heard adults complain that they constantly make grammatical mistakes. Well, ain't no native-speaking adult ever be making no grammatical mistakes, right? (There's where I sneak in the spirit of the blog post title for the first time)
But now, I want to turn to actual places you be at. Say, the four corners of the earth:
północ - north (also means midnight)
południe - south (also means noon, midday, or afternoon)
wschód - east (also means sunrise)
zachód - west (also means sunset)
But there's more places you might be at:
północny wschód - northeast
północny zachód - northwest
południowy wschód - southeast
południowy zachód - southwest
Here are the adjective forms:
północny - northern
południowy - southern
wschodni - eastern
zachodni - western
północno-wschodni - northeastern
północno-zachodni - northwestern
południowo-wschodni - southeastern
południowo-zachodni - southwestern
And some adverbial clauses:
na północy - in the north
na południu - in the south
na wschodzie - in the east
na zachodzie - in the west
na północnym wschodzie, w północno-wschodniej - in the northeast
na północnym zachodzie, w północno-zachodniej - in the northwest
na południowym wschodzie, w południowo-wschodniej - in the southeast
na południowym zachodzie, w południowo-zachodniej - in the southwest
na północ (od) - to the north (of)
na południe (od) - to the south (of)
na wschód (od) - to the east (of)
na zachód (od) - to the west (of)
na północny wschód (od) - to the northeast (of)
na północny zachód (od) - to the northwest (of)
na południowy zachód (od) - to the southwest (of)
na południowy wschód (od) - to the southeast (of)
z północy - from the north
z południa - from the south
ze wschodu - from the east
z zachodu - from the west
z północnego wschodu - from the northeast
z północnego zachodu - from the northwest
z południowego wschodu - from the southeast
z południowego zachodu - from the southwest
A couple of verbs:
wschodzić, wzejść - to rise (about the sun or the moon)
zachodzić, zajść - to set
Here are some places using some of these forms:
półkula północna - northern hemisphere
półkula południowa - southern hemisphere
Biegun północny - the North Pole
Biegun południowy - the South Pole
koło podbiegunowe północne - the Arctic Circle
koło podbiegunowe południowe - the Antarctic Circle
owoce południowe - tropical fruit
Remember that "północ" can mean "midnight" and "południe" can mean "noon" or "midday" also:
o północy - at midnight
przed północą - before midnight
po północy - after midnight
w południe - at midday
przedpołudnie - morning (literally "forenoon"; not the usual word for morning which is "rano" or "ranek")
przed południem - before noon
po południu - in the afternoon, after noon
But now, I want to turn to actual places you be at. Say, the four corners of the earth:
północ - north (also means midnight)
południe - south (also means noon, midday, or afternoon)
wschód - east (also means sunrise)
zachód - west (also means sunset)
But there's more places you might be at:
północny wschód - northeast
północny zachód - northwest
południowy wschód - southeast
południowy zachód - southwest
Here are the adjective forms:
północny - northern
południowy - southern
wschodni - eastern
zachodni - western
północno-wschodni - northeastern
północno-zachodni - northwestern
południowo-wschodni - southeastern
południowo-zachodni - southwestern
And some adverbial clauses:
na północy - in the north
na południu - in the south
na wschodzie - in the east
na zachodzie - in the west
na północnym wschodzie, w północno-wschodniej - in the northeast
na północnym zachodzie, w północno-zachodniej - in the northwest
na południowym wschodzie, w południowo-wschodniej - in the southeast
na południowym zachodzie, w południowo-zachodniej - in the southwest
na północ (od) - to the north (of)
na południe (od) - to the south (of)
na wschód (od) - to the east (of)
na zachód (od) - to the west (of)
na północny wschód (od) - to the northeast (of)
na północny zachód (od) - to the northwest (of)
na południowy zachód (od) - to the southwest (of)
na południowy wschód (od) - to the southeast (of)
z północy - from the north
z południa - from the south
ze wschodu - from the east
z zachodu - from the west
z północnego wschodu - from the northeast
z północnego zachodu - from the northwest
z południowego wschodu - from the southeast
z południowego zachodu - from the southwest
A couple of verbs:
wschodzić, wzejść - to rise (about the sun or the moon)
zachodzić, zajść - to set
Here are some places using some of these forms:
półkula północna - northern hemisphere
półkula południowa - southern hemisphere
Biegun północny - the North Pole
Biegun południowy - the South Pole
koło podbiegunowe północne - the Arctic Circle
koło podbiegunowe południowe - the Antarctic Circle
owoce południowe - tropical fruit
Remember that "północ" can mean "midnight" and "południe" can mean "noon" or "midday" also:
o północy - at midnight
przed północą - before midnight
po północy - after midnight
w południe - at midday
przedpołudnie - morning (literally "forenoon"; not the usual word for morning which is "rano" or "ranek")
przed południem - before noon
po południu - in the afternoon, after noon
Tuesday, April 16, 2013
Put 'N Lay: -kładać (-kłaść), -łożyć
-kładać (-kłaść), -łożyć:
These roots have to do with "putting"
or "laying."
The main verb is:
kłaść, położyć - to put, to lay
The two forms of this verb are very
different from each other. It doesn't seem intuitive that "kłaść"
and "położyć" would be two aspects of what is basically
the same verb, but they are. I'm not sure if this is an example of
suppletion or just a modification of the root where the "a"
is changed to an "o", the "d" is changed to a
"ż", and the "k" is dropped. The words at the
end of this post tend to argue for the latter construction. Most
other verbs using this root use the same prefix in both forms, but
use the "-kładać" form for the imperfective aspect.
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
kłaść rękę na (+ locative) - to
put one's hand on...
kłaść kogoś spać - to put somebody
to bed
kłaść na coś nacisk - place
emphasis on something
kłaść/położyć czemuś kres - to
put an end to something
położyć coś na półkę - to put
something on a shelf
kłaść się - to lie down, go to bed
(this is the reflexive form, is a synonym for "iść spać")
Example: kłaść się spać - to go to
sleep
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
kładka - footbridge (noun)
położenie - location, position (noun)
półka - shelf (noun)
Examples: półka na bagaż - baggage
rack
półka na książki - bookshelf
położony - located, situated
(adjective)
dokładać, dołożyć - to add, to throw in
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
dokładać komuś pracy - to give
somebody additional work
dokładać do ognia - to add to the
fire
dołożyć wszelkich starań, żeby...
- to make every effort to...
dołożyć do czegoś - to lose money
on something [to have to pay extra money for something]
Dołożyła masła do zupy - She added
butter to the soup
dołóż więcej masła - add more
butter
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
dokładny - precise, accurate
(adjective)
dokładnie - precisely, exactly
(adverb)
na dokładkę - in addition, for good
measure (adverb)
dokładność - accuracy, precision
(noun)
dokładka - second helping (noun)
nakładać, nałożyć - to put, to place, to set; to put on; to apply; to inflict
nakładać się - to overlap, to
superimpose (reflexive)
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
nakładać komuś na talerz - to give
somebody a helping
nakładać rękawiczki - to pull on
gloves
nakładać grzywnę - to impose a fine
nakładać sankcje na (+ accusative) -
to impose sanctions against...
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
nakład - print run, circulation;
outlay (of money, time, effort), expense (noun)
Examples: Nakład książki został
wyczerpany - The book is out of print
ukazać się nakładem (+ genitive) -
to be published by...
nakłady inwestycyjne - capital
expenditure
nakład pracy - the amount of work
involved
nakłady (plural of nakład) -
expenditure
nakładca - publisher, printer (noun)
nakładka - covering; lap (noun)
nałożnica - concubine (noun)
okładać - to cover, to wrap; to batter, to thrash
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
okładka - cover, jacket [of books]
(noun)
Examples: książka w miękkiej okładce
- paperback
książka w twardej okładce - hardback
okład - compress, pack (noun)
okładkowy - cover (adjective)
obkładać, obłożyć - to cover, to wrap
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
obkładać kziążki - to put covers on
books
obłożyć pole - to search the field
odkładać, odłożyć - to shift; to put away/aside; to lay down; to postpone; to accumulate
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
odkładać na bok - to set aside
odkładać na czarną godzinę - to
save for a rainy day
odkładać na swe miejsce - to return,
to replace
odłożyć słuchawkę - to hang up the
phone
odłóż to - put it away
odłożony / delayed, postponed;
earmarked (adjective)
podkładać, podłożyć - to put under; to plant (bomb)
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
podkładać coś pod spód - to put
something under
podkładać bombę - to plant a bomb
podkładać komuś nogę - to trip
somebody (up)
podkładać ogien pod (+ accusative) -
to set fire to...
pokładać w kimś zaufanie - place
confidence in somebody
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
podkładka - mat, pad; rest, support
(noun)
pokład - layer; deck (noun)
na pokładzie - on board (adverb)
podłoże - basis, groundwork; ground,
soil (noun)
przekładać, przełożyć - to put somewhere else; to shuffle; to delay; to translate
Example:
przełożyć karty - to cut/shuffle the
deck
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
przekład - translation (noun)
przekładaniec - layer cake (noun)
przekładnia - transmission, gear (noun)
przekładnik - transformer (noun)
przekłamanie - distortion, misrepresentation (noun)
przekładalny - translatable (adjective)
przekładowy - translational (adjective)
przykładać, przyłożyć - to apply, to affix; to weigh down
przyłożyć się - to apply oneself
(reflexive)
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
przykład - example (noun)
Examples: na przykład (n.p.) - for
example
typowy przykład - typical example
brać z kogoś przykład - to follow
somebody's example
dla przykładu - as an example
dawać dobry przykład - to set a good
example
klasyczny przykład - classic example
stanowić przykład - to exemplify
służyć za przykład - to set an
example
rozkładać, rozłożyć - to spread, to lay out; to stretch out; to unfold, to open
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
rozkład - timetable, schedule,
curriculum, layout; break up; decay, decomposition
rozkład jazdy - (riding) timetable
[for buses, trains, etc.]
składać, złożyć - to assemble, to compose; to submit, to hand in; to fold, to furl; to store, to gather
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
składać fałszywe zeznania - to offer
false evidence
składać ofertę - to make an offer
składać zamówienie - to place an
order
składać pieniądze - to save money
składać jaja - to lay eggs
składać życzenia - to wish
składać gratulację - to congratulate
składać/złożyć wizytę - to pay a
visit
składać/złożyć hołd (+ dative) -
to pay tribute/homage to...
tak się składa, że... - it so
happens that...
złożyć broń - to lay down one's
arms
złożyć podanie o coś - to submit an
application for something
złożyć rezygnację - to tender one's
resignation
złożyć oświadczenie - to make a
statement
złożyć wniosek o (+ accusative) - to
apply for...
złożyć zażalenie/skargę
na/przeciwko - to make a complaint about/against
składać się - to consist of
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
skład - composition; lineup (sports);
store (e.g. for food) (noun)
Examples: skład amunicji - ammunition
depot
skład rządu - cabinet
część składowa - component
składka - collection, contribution (of
money) (noun)
Examples: składka członkowska -
membership fee
składka ubezpieczeniowa - insurance
premium
składka na fundusz emerytalny -
pension fund
składnia - syntax (grammar) (noun)
składnica - storehouse, warehouse
(noun)
składnik - component, constituent,
ingredient (noun)
składowisko odpadów - garbage dump
(noun clause)
składany - collapsible, fold-up,
foldaway, folding; self-assembled (adjective)
mieć na składzie - to have in stock
(adverbial clause)
złoża - deposits (noun, plural)
Examples: złoża rudy - ore deposits
złoża węgla - coal deposits
złożony - complex, composite,
compound (adjective)
układać, ułożyć - to lay down; to arrange, to compose, to make
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
układać do snu - to put to bed
układać coś według alfabetu - to
arrange something in alphabetical order
układać parkiet - to lay a parquet
floor
układać włosy - to do hair
układać się, ułożyć się - to
negotiate, to shape (up); to lie down, to recline (reflexive)
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
układ - arrangement; configuration;
system; layout; agreement (noun)
Examples: Układ Słoneczny - the Solar
System
układ nerwowy - the nervous system
układ pokarmowy - the alimentary
system
układ scalony - chip/integrated
circuit
układ sił - balance of power
zbiorowy układ pracy - collective
bargaining agreement
układ krążenia - the cardiovascular
system
układ równań - set of equations
ułożenie - arrangement, composition
(noun)
ułożony - arranged, well-mannered
(adjective)
wkładać, włożyć - to insert, to put in; to put on (e.g. put on clothes)
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
wkładać w coś dużo pracy - to put a
lot of work into something
wkładać w coś dużo wysiłku - to
put a lot of effort into something
wkładać w coś serce - to put one’s
heart in something
włożyć coś do (+ genitive) - to put
something into...
włożyć coś do szuflady - to put
somehing in a drawer
włożyć w coś wiele pracy - to put a
lot of work into something
włożyć klucz do zamka - to insert a
key into a keyhole
włożyć pierścień - to put on a
ring
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
wkład - contribution; deposit (in
bank); refill, cartridge (for printer); input (noun)
Examples: wkład pracy - work
contribution
wkład do długopisu - ballpoint pen
refill
wykładać, wyłożyć - to lay out; to display, to exhibit; to put, to lay [synonym for "kłaść"]; to lecture
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
wykład - lecture (noun)
wkładka - insert; insole (noun)
sala wykładowa - lecture hall (noun
clause)
wykładowca - lecturer, reader (noun)
zakładać, założyć - to establish, to found; to put on (clothes); to install; to assume, suppose
Some examples of the uses of the verb
are:
zakładać z góry - to presuppose
założyć rodzinę - to start a family
zakładać się, założyć się - to
bet (reflexive)
Derivative uses in other parts of
speech:
zakład - institution, establishment,
company; bet, wager (noun)
Examples: zakład? - is it a bet?
Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS)
- Social Insurance Institution
postawić zakład - place a bet
teren zakładu - factory premises
zakład wychowawczy - childcare center
zakład karny - penal institution
zakład fryzjerski - barber/hairdresser
shop
zakładka - bookmark; fold, pleat
(noun)
zakładnik, zakładniczka - hostage
(noun)
Example: przetrzymywać zakładników -
to hold prisoners
założenie - establishment,
foundation; assumption, stipulation (noun)
Examples: założenia (plural of
założenie) - guidelines
wychodzić z założenia, że... - to
assume that...
przy założeniu, że... - assuming
that...
założyciel, założycielka / founder,
foundress (noun)
zakładając, że byłoby to możliwe /
assuming it would be possible (example of adverbial participle)
Some miscellaneous uses of the roots:
Here the root is without the initial
"k":
ład - order, orderliness (noun)
Examples: doprowadzić coś do ładu -
to put something in order
dojść z kimś do ładu - to come to
terms with somebody
bez ładu i składu - chaotically
mówić bez ładu i składu - to
ramble, to speak incoherently
łóżko - bed (noun)
Examples: łóżko piętrowe - bunk
beds
iść do łóżka - to go to bed
wstawać z łóżka - to get up out of
bed
ścielić łóżko - to make the bed
Monday, April 8, 2013
Living and Using
Żyw- (or życ-) has to do with "living." But when you preface it with "u-" to make "używ-/użyc-," it has to do with "using."
There are a LOT of words using this root. I don't think I'll be able to scratch the surface of the uses of this root, but I'll try to give an partial overview.
Żywy is an adjective meaning "alive, live, living" or "vivid" or "deep, sincere." The primary meaning is "alive" and the comparative (more alive) is "żywszy;" the superlative (most alive) is "najżywszy." It is also pretty close to being the last word in a Polish dictionary.
Examples include:
żywe współczucie - deep sympathy
żywa istota - live being
żywy język - modern language
żywa kolory - bright colors
żywe mięso - raw meat
żywa gotówka - instantly available cash
żywy towar - slaves, victims of human trafficking (literally "living goods")
ledwo żywy - barely alive
dotykać do żywego - to hit a nerve
Other adjectives:
"Żywiołowy" can mean "natural" (as in "klęska żywiolowa" or "natural disaster") or "impulsive, spontaneous."
"Ożywiony" is "lively, vivacious, animate."
And some nouns:
"Życie" means "life."
życie nocne - night life
życie osobiste/prywatne - private life
życie seksualne - sexual life
przywracać komuś życie - to bring somebody back to life
"Dożywocie" is a noun meaning "life in prison."
"Żywiciel" is a noun meaning "host" in a biological sense. Or it can mean "breadwinner."
"Odżywka" is a noun meaning "nutrient."
odżywka do włosów - hair conditioner
odżywka dla niemowląt - baby food
"Odżywianie" means "nutrition, nourishment" or "diet."
odżywianie piersią - breast feeding
sztuczne odżywianie - artificial feeding
More nouns:
żywność - food, victuals
żywienie - nutrition, food
wyżywienie - board (as in "room and board")
nieżywotny - inanimate (as used in grammar)
żywotny - animate (as used in grammar)
żywot - life
barwny żywot - life full of adventure
pędzić marny żywot - to lead a miserable life
"Żywioł" is "element."
Adverbs:
Żywcem - alive
pogrzebany żywcem - buried alive
Żywnie - however one pleases
Verbs:
"Żyć/przeżyć" is the main verb here. It means "to live" or " to experience."
"Żywić" is "to feed, to nourish" or "to support."
żywić urazę do - to bear a grudge against
żywić nadzieję, że - to hope that
żywić sympatię do - to like
żywić przekonanie, że - to be convinced that
żywić się czymś / feed on something
dożywać/dożyć - to live to
nażyć się - to enjoy life
ożywać/ożyć - to come to life; to come back (usually about memories)
odżywać/odżyć - to revive, to come back to life, to get a new lease on life
pożyć - to live for a while
pożywiać się/pożywić się - to feed on
przeżywać/przeżyć - to survive, to live through, to go through, to outlive
wyżyć - to survive, to last
wyżywić - to feed (add "się"- to subsist, to nourish)
wyżywać się/wyżyć się - "to take out on somebody" or "to find an outlet for one's energy."
zżywać się/zżyć się - to grow close, to become intimate; to grow accustomed to
zażywać/zażyć - to take (e.g. medicine); to enjoy
zażyć kąpieli - to take a bath
zażywać spokoju - to enjoy peace
zważyć/zważać - to weight
używać/użyć - to use ("używany" is "used, secondhand"--some examples include "używany samochód" - "used car," "używane ubrania" - "second-hand clothes," "nie używany" - "new (not used))."
nadużywać/nadużyć - to abuse; to misuse; to overuse
zużywać/zużyć - to use up, to consume, to spend
spożywać/spożyć - to consume ("spożywczy" is "food" or "groceries." Examples include: "artykuly spożywcze" - "groceries," "sklep spożywczy" - "grocery store," "przemysł spożywczy" - "food industry.")
There are a LOT of words using this root. I don't think I'll be able to scratch the surface of the uses of this root, but I'll try to give an partial overview.
Żywy is an adjective meaning "alive, live, living" or "vivid" or "deep, sincere." The primary meaning is "alive" and the comparative (more alive) is "żywszy;" the superlative (most alive) is "najżywszy." It is also pretty close to being the last word in a Polish dictionary.
Examples include:
żywe współczucie - deep sympathy
żywa istota - live being
żywy język - modern language
żywa kolory - bright colors
żywe mięso - raw meat
żywa gotówka - instantly available cash
żywy towar - slaves, victims of human trafficking (literally "living goods")
ledwo żywy - barely alive
dotykać do żywego - to hit a nerve
Other adjectives:
"Żywiołowy" can mean "natural" (as in "klęska żywiolowa" or "natural disaster") or "impulsive, spontaneous."
"Ożywiony" is "lively, vivacious, animate."
And some nouns:
"Życie" means "life."
życie nocne - night life
życie osobiste/prywatne - private life
życie seksualne - sexual life
przywracać komuś życie - to bring somebody back to life
"Dożywocie" is a noun meaning "life in prison."
"Żywiciel" is a noun meaning "host" in a biological sense. Or it can mean "breadwinner."
"Odżywka" is a noun meaning "nutrient."
odżywka do włosów - hair conditioner
odżywka dla niemowląt - baby food
"Odżywianie" means "nutrition, nourishment" or "diet."
odżywianie piersią - breast feeding
sztuczne odżywianie - artificial feeding
More nouns:
żywność - food, victuals
żywienie - nutrition, food
wyżywienie - board (as in "room and board")
nieżywotny - inanimate (as used in grammar)
żywotny - animate (as used in grammar)
żywot - life
barwny żywot - life full of adventure
pędzić marny żywot - to lead a miserable life
"Żywioł" is "element."
Adverbs:
Żywcem - alive
pogrzebany żywcem - buried alive
Żywnie - however one pleases
"Żyć/przeżyć" is the main verb here. It means "to live" or " to experience."
"Żywić" is "to feed, to nourish" or "to support."
żywić urazę do - to bear a grudge against
żywić nadzieję, że - to hope that
żywić sympatię do - to like
żywić przekonanie, że - to be convinced that
żywić się czymś / feed on something
dożywać/dożyć - to live to
nażyć się - to enjoy life
ożywać/ożyć - to come to life; to come back (usually about memories)
odżywać/odżyć - to revive, to come back to life, to get a new lease on life
pożyć - to live for a while
pożywiać się/pożywić się - to feed on
przeżywać/przeżyć - to survive, to live through, to go through, to outlive
wyżyć - to survive, to last
wyżywić - to feed (add "się"- to subsist, to nourish)
wyżywać się/wyżyć się - "to take out on somebody" or "to find an outlet for one's energy."
zżywać się/zżyć się - to grow close, to become intimate; to grow accustomed to
zażywać/zażyć - to take (e.g. medicine); to enjoy
zażyć kąpieli - to take a bath
zażywać spokoju - to enjoy peace
zważyć/zważać - to weight
używać/użyć - to use ("używany" is "used, secondhand"--some examples include "używany samochód" - "used car," "używane ubrania" - "second-hand clothes," "nie używany" - "new (not used))."
nadużywać/nadużyć - to abuse; to misuse; to overuse
zużywać/zużyć - to use up, to consume, to spend
spożywać/spożyć - to consume ("spożywczy" is "food" or "groceries." Examples include: "artykuly spożywcze" - "groceries," "sklep spożywczy" - "grocery store," "przemysł spożywczy" - "food industry.")
Wednesday, March 13, 2013
"Wiadom-"; information and awareness
As far as I can tell, the root "wiadom-" has something to do with information or awareness. (Keep in mind that most of what I can tell about Polish roots is from reverse engineering them). Let's take a look at some of the uses of this root in words that illustrate its meaning.
The main noun seems to be "wiadomość," which means news or message. "Dobra wiadomość" is "good news" and "zła wiadomość" is "bad news." "Czekać na wiadomość" is "waiting for news/a message." "Zostawić wiadomość" is "to leave a message."
It is often used in the plural as "wiadomości" or "the news." "Otrzymać wiadomości" is "to receive news." "Oglądać wiadomości" is "to watch the news." "Do twojej wiadomości" is "for your information." "Publicznej wiadomości" is "to make something publicly known." "Zasób wiadomości" literally means "a stock of news" but can be translated idiomatically as "knowledge" or "education." "Wiadomości z kraju i z zagranicy" is "national and foreign news."
"Wiadomy" means "known" or "well-known." "Niewiadomy" is "unknown." When used in the mathematical sense, it is "niewiadoma." "Z niewiadomych przyczyn" means "for unknown reasons."
"Wiadomo" means "everyone knows" or "it's a well-known fact." Some idiomatic uses are "nic nie wiadomo" or "nothing is known," "nie wiadomo" ("nobody knows"), or "nigdy nic nie wiadomo" ("you never know.") I've also seen this as "nigdy nie wiadomo." I'm always getting these idioms confused so I'll have to keep drilling on them and picturing different ways to use them. "Było wiadomo, że..." is "everybody knew that..." [Incidentally, Polish puts a comma here where English doesn't--you will see that in phrases like "myślę, że..." (I think that...)]. "Jak wiadomo" means "as everybody knows" or "as is commonly known." "O ile wiadomo" is "as far as can be determined." "Powszechnie wiadomo, że..." is "it's common knowledge that..." "Wiadoma osoba" is "you-know-who."
"Powiadomienie" or "zawiadomienie" mean "notification" or "information," from the verb [hang on to your hat] "zawiadamiać/powiadamiać, zawiadomić/powiadomić," which means "to notify/inform." "Zawiadomienie o ślubie" is a "wedding notice" and "zawiadomienie o pogrzebie" is a "funeral notice."
"Świadomość" means "awareness" or "consciousness." "Świadomość klasowa" is "class consciousness." "Próg świadomości" is "threshold of consciousness."
"Świadomy" is the adjective ("aware, conscious") and "świadomie" is the adverb ("intentionally, consciously"). "Świadomy praw i obowiązków" is "aware of rights and responsibilities."
"Nieświadomy" is "unconscious, involuntary, unaware." "Podświadomy" is an adjective meaning "subconscious"; the noun is "podświadomość".
"Uświadomienie" means "realization" or "awakening." The verb it derives from is "uświadamiać, uświadomić", which means "to make aware of" or "to make (someone) realize." Examples: "Ta książka uświadomiła mi, że..." ("This book made me aware that...). "Nagle uświadomiłem sobie, że to tylko sen" ("Suddenly I realized that it was only a dream.")
The main noun seems to be "wiadomość," which means news or message. "Dobra wiadomość" is "good news" and "zła wiadomość" is "bad news." "Czekać na wiadomość" is "waiting for news/a message." "Zostawić wiadomość" is "to leave a message."
It is often used in the plural as "wiadomości" or "the news." "Otrzymać wiadomości" is "to receive news." "Oglądać wiadomości" is "to watch the news." "Do twojej wiadomości" is "for your information." "Publicznej wiadomości" is "to make something publicly known." "Zasób wiadomości" literally means "a stock of news" but can be translated idiomatically as "knowledge" or "education." "Wiadomości z kraju i z zagranicy" is "national and foreign news."
"Wiadomy" means "known" or "well-known." "Niewiadomy" is "unknown." When used in the mathematical sense, it is "niewiadoma." "Z niewiadomych przyczyn" means "for unknown reasons."
"Wiadomo" means "everyone knows" or "it's a well-known fact." Some idiomatic uses are "nic nie wiadomo" or "nothing is known," "nie wiadomo" ("nobody knows"), or "nigdy nic nie wiadomo" ("you never know.") I've also seen this as "nigdy nie wiadomo." I'm always getting these idioms confused so I'll have to keep drilling on them and picturing different ways to use them. "Było wiadomo, że..." is "everybody knew that..." [Incidentally, Polish puts a comma here where English doesn't--you will see that in phrases like "myślę, że..." (I think that...)]. "Jak wiadomo" means "as everybody knows" or "as is commonly known." "O ile wiadomo" is "as far as can be determined." "Powszechnie wiadomo, że..." is "it's common knowledge that..." "Wiadoma osoba" is "you-know-who."
"Powiadomienie" or "zawiadomienie" mean "notification" or "information," from the verb [hang on to your hat] "zawiadamiać/powiadamiać, zawiadomić/powiadomić," which means "to notify/inform." "Zawiadomienie o ślubie" is a "wedding notice" and "zawiadomienie o pogrzebie" is a "funeral notice."
"Świadomość" means "awareness" or "consciousness." "Świadomość klasowa" is "class consciousness." "Próg świadomości" is "threshold of consciousness."
"Świadomy" is the adjective ("aware, conscious") and "świadomie" is the adverb ("intentionally, consciously"). "Świadomy praw i obowiązków" is "aware of rights and responsibilities."
"Nieświadomy" is "unconscious, involuntary, unaware." "Podświadomy" is an adjective meaning "subconscious"; the noun is "podświadomość".
"Uświadomienie" means "realization" or "awakening." The verb it derives from is "uświadamiać, uświadomić", which means "to make aware of" or "to make (someone) realize." Examples: "Ta książka uświadomiła mi, że..." ("This book made me aware that...). "Nagle uświadomiłem sobie, że to tylko sen" ("Suddenly I realized that it was only a dream.")
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
